The Importance of Reward in Motivation - 1742 Words

In daily life, we need motivation to improve our performance in our job or in studies. Motivation is an internal force, dependent on the needs that drive a person to achieve. In the other words, motivation is a consequence of expectations of the future while satisfaction is a consequence of past events (Carr, 2005). We need to give reward to our self when we did correctly or we has achieve our target. Reward is something that we are given because we have behaved well, worked hard, or provided a service to the community. Theories of motivation can be used to explain the behavior and attitude of employees (Rowley, 1996; Weaver, 1998). The theories include content theories, based on assumptions that people have individual needs, which†¦show more content†¦It is the job context which is the dissatisfaction among the employees when the extrinsic condition is not present. If the extrinsic condition is present, which is not motivated the employees necessarily. Meanwhile the intrin sic reward is related to the job content. It builds strong levels of motivation that can result in good job performance. If these conditions are not present, jobs do not prove highly satisfying. The factors in intrinsic reward are called satisfiers or motivators and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and so on as mention early. According to Allen and Killman (2001a: 114), the reward system should be aligned to motivate employee performance that is consistent with the firm’s strategy, attract and retain people with the knowledge, skill and abilities required to realize the firm’s strategic goal, and create a supportive culture and structure. This means that they need to motivate their employees to helps them achieve the firm’s goals. When the subordinates are has a good feeling about their job, that are generally related to job content (motivators), while if they has a bad feeling are associated job context (hygiene factors).The intrinsic reward su ch as the sense of meaningfulness, sense of choice, sense of competence, and sense of progress are important to us on a job.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Reward Enhances Motivation And Motivation2117 Words   |  9 PagesDISCUSSION The aim of this experiment was to test whether or not reward enhances motivation, therefore enhancing results of performance. My hypothesis stated that results would be inconclusive due to subjects being self-motivated and happy to do their best. I thought that this no effect on their performances. I took consideration into realising that subjects may not be self-motivated and needed a reward to spur them on to performing at their best. I could not underestimate the chance of chokingRead MoreMechanisms Underlying Creative Performance : Employee Perceptions Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Rewards1301 Words   |  6 Pagesand Extrinsic Rewards for Creativity, the authors Yoon et al. (2015) investigates creative performance based on effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and proposes employees’ dedication to creativity may possibly activate a psychological state in the connection between rewards and creativity. In order to detect the boundary conditions, such as nature of rewards and the task context, when the different types of rewards are triggered for creativity, the study proposed the importance of specificRead MoreWhat is Intrinsic Rewad?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesis intrinsic reward, intrinsic reward is a non-monetary reward, where it not involved physical things; for example; motivation, cooperation, self-esteem, and encouragement. Its more refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from external rewards, such as money or grades. It comes from the pleasure from the task itself and sense of satisfaction in completing any task that you have done. Intrinsic reward are differ from extrinsic reward, where extrinsic reward is like monetaryRead MoreBeing A Great Enforcer Of Behavior1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdinner if homework gets done) contingent with behavior is wrong. Main Ideas Agreed with/Disagreed with In agreement I agree with the author that praise and rewards has being a great enforcer of behavior in our society and child rearing practices. I particularly like his intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation concerns and the importance of what kind of motivators’ society is currently producing for the new generation. I have come to conclude from the book that the world is moving towards selfishRead MoreEssay on Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation1327 Words   |  6 PagesIntrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation Introduction The success of any business depends on the productivity and satisfaction of its employees. Employees need to be motivated to work. Motivation can be defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. For an individual to be motivated in a work situation there must be a need, which the individual would have to perceive a possibilityRead MoreMotivation is defined as an inner drive that encourages action or feeling towards a desired goal.1300 Words   |  6 Pages Motivation is defined as an inner drive that encourages action or feeling towards a desired goal. It is moving forward and not staying static. A person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained towards achieving their goal. It is a basic desire which begins with a physiological or psychological need which triggers a behaviour that is aimed at a goal or incentive. For example hunger mot ivates the need for food. Desires and goals are the inherent strength that drives us to moveRead MorePersuasive Speech : Learning And Performance, Task Vs. Ego1365 Words   |  6 Pagesa very powerful tool for motivation and encouragement, and should be used when the child challenges himself to perform. But today praise is given freely and without consideration to the actual abilities of the child. We make students learn by using a controlling approach. Grade competition drive students away e.g. science lesson preferred than other subjects. Now we have higher standards, additional testing, tougher testing, tougher grading and more incentives as rewards. Why do teachers allowRead MoreThe Best Way to Increase Work Motivation for an Organisation Is Through Financial Rewards. Discuss.1711 Words   |  7 Pagesidentify the effects of financial rewards on the work motivation of an organization and also whether or not this system of reward can cause an increase in the levels of work motivation already present in the organization. It furthermore aims to discuss weather Financial Rewards are the best way to increase the work motivation present. Although the essay shall primary be focused on Financial Rewards and Work Motivation, other factors that may have an effect on work motivation shall be discussed. For thisRead MoreIntroduction. Sns Is A Marketing And Public Relations Company1544 Words   |  7 Pagesclients. Over the next several months, SNS will implement various motivational tools to encourage and reward creativity, insight, teamwork and enthusiasm. The Importance of Motivation In today’s demanding work environment, employee engagement can be a challenging task. Understanding the importance of motivating employees is vital to the success of the company. Rabideau (2005) states that motivation is the correlation between what motivates, guides human behavior and how this behavior is sustainedRead MoreThe Challenges Of Managers Face Today1274 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different challenges that managers face today that they did not face 50 years ago. Motivation as described by Maccoby consists of 4 R s. Those 4 R s include responsibilities, relationships, reward and reasons. These 4 R s were prevalent in motivation 50 years ago and are the reason why it is harder for companies to keep motivating today. Responsibilities in the workplace 50 years ago were simple, the men would go to work, at jobs that usually involved physical labor, and provide

Common Causes of War and Genocide Essay example - 1271 Words

Genocide, or the systematic destruction of a race or tribe is an all too common phenomenon in our planet’s history and even more so in Africa. Genocide and war share many common causes such as desperation brought on by a declining economy. Experts on the Central African Republic believe that current events point to a possible repeat of the Rwandan genocide of 1994, in which over one million people were killed. Many think that U.N. involvement is necessary to stop the escalating violence in the Central African Republic; others believe that the dismal track record of the U.N. in similar situations makes it unlikely that they could be effective in the current crisis. Regardless, an already bad human rights situation is likely to worsen. One†¦show more content†¦To escape the slave traders, many Africans moved from place to place, avoiding contact with other people. The historic isolation between groups has contributed to the difficulty Central Africans have had in developing a modern government or identity. The 20th century, often called the century of genocide gives numerous events from which information can be drawn to help understand the declining situation in the Central African Republic. There have been a number of genocides outside of Africa in the 20th century to include: the holocaust of World War II brought on by Adolf Hitler in which approximately six million Jews were killed, the Holodomor in the Ukraine under Josef Stalin with a Ukrainian population reduction of as much as 25 percent, and the massacre in Cambodia under Pol Pot with around two millions Cambodian deaths. Within Africa, from April 6 to July 15, 1994, a barbaric act of genocide took place in Rwanda before the very eyes of the troops of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda. Hundreds of thousands of old people, women, children, and even tiny babies were hunted down and cut to pieces in every corner of this land of terror. These genocides all have in common widespread economic strife and food shortages, being the reason for upheaval, and Totalitarian governments which is the mechanism that allows the genocides to occur. Not unlike the present situation in the Central African Republic, the genocide inShow MoreRelatedElements of Genocide: Collective Behaviour and Acting Crowd Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages During World War II, an acting crowd known as the Nazi party brought forward the massacre of millions. After the war, in 1943 Raphael Lemkin, a Jewish-Polish lawyer, created the term genocide to describe the mass extermination of various groups. He combined Latin word â€Å"genos† (race or tribe) with another Latin term â€Å"cide† (to kill). After the holocaust, Dr. Lemkin fought for the recognition of genocide under international law. Thanks to his efforts, the UN Convention of Genocide was created. (Analysis:Read MoreThe Death Of Genocide : The Annihilation Of Minorities Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pages Genocide is the systematic mass murder of an ethnic, race, religious, or national group based on discriminatory preconceptions (Payne 33). The heart of genocide is destruction: the annihilation of minorities. Minorities have always been the scapegoat for most governments in times of crisis or when the government has been mismanaged. Minorities are even considered non-human. The annihilation of a specific target group does raise to question why and how this would be carried out. A genocide happensRead MoreGenocides And Genocides Of Genocides987 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican Holocaust Genocide is a million African people being butchered by hand by their neighbors, with household tools and homemade weapons—machetes, hoes, and hammers. Genocides are commonly overlooked throughout many countries. Africa has had many genocides and wars occurring over the past century. The most known genocides are ones that occurred in Rwanda and Darfur. Researchers have found that most genocides show the same patterns and key elements. As different genocides of Africa have occurredRead MoreDifference Between Genocide And War1166 Words   |  5 Pagesthere a difference between genocide and war? The idea and concepts of conflict are often misunderstood. To many, any form of conflict is war. War can be defined as a direct violent encounter between two or more opposing parties with a view to gaining access to an object of their mutual interests. It is usually accompanied by the use of weapons such as guns, bows and arrows, machetes, sticks, biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. (Insert bibliography #1). Genocide has been described as aRead MoreThe Other Side Of America1518 Words   |  7 Pagesnothing is more common than to hear them talk of extirpating them totally from the face of the earth, men women, and children† (Lewy). A genocide that is given little attention in America’s textbooks is the American Indian Genocide, which was led by white settlers. America’s true colors were shown in their infamous actions, which spanned hundreds of years. Throughout this genocide, America showed a hypocritical side—along with a violent and twisted personality—that is not widely known. The War with â€Å"Savages†Read MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust1198 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several genocides in the past century. The Cambodian Genocide and the Holocaust are two of the great tragedies of the twentieth century. The Holocaust occurred in Germany and Eastern Europe. The Cambodian genocide took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was an overwhelming communist force that took Phnom Penh by surprise. In Cambodia, â€Å"21% of the population was killed. That is about 1.7 million people that lost their lives† (â€Å"Past Genocides†). There was little commotion or outcryRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated t o be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was causedRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Nationalism Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagessociety is ethnocentric nationalism, for it causes people to become judgmental and believe that a certain nation and race is superior over other nations and races. Ethnocentric nationalism is especially dangerous and negative when combined with other types of nationalism such as expansionist nationalism and can even lead to war and genocide. Nationalism began to develop in the 19th century and reached its peak in the 20th century around the time of World War One. (Savich 2003) Also the earliest mentionRead MoreWhat was the Cause of the Rwandan Genocide?1116 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigation What was the cause of the Rwandan Genocide? The assassination of the president of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana on April 6, 1994, was the event that started the 100 Day massacre of the Tutsis by the Hutus, known as the Rwandan Genocide. The objective of this investigation is to find out the root of the cause of the Rwandan Genocide. The body of evidence will investigate the history of the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups and the events leading up to the genocide. The evidence includesRead MoreEssay on Recognizing the Armenian Genocide1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the organized killing of Armenians. While there is no clear agreement on how many Armenians lost their lives, there is general agreement among Western scholars that over a million Armenians may have perished between 1914 and 1918. It all happened during the Ottoman Empire, present-day Turkey, where 2 million Armenians lived. The Armenian Genocide is the second-most studied massacre, after t he Holocaust. To date Twenty-two countries

Essay about Anorexia - 1309 Words

It seems today that eating disorders are on the rise. While this may be true, the numbers may appear to grow only because more cases are being brought out into the open. The purpose of this paper is to discuss eating disorders and prove the these disease, specifically Anorexia Nervosa, continue to plague of women due to psychological and environmental factors along with pressure from the media. The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† is misleading. It means â€Å"loss of appetite due to nerves.† But people with anorexia don’t actually lose their appetite until the late stages of their starvation. Until, they do feel hungry, but they just won’t eat. People affected by anorexia have an extreme fear of gaining weight. In addition to drastic dieting, they†¦show more content†¦There is evidence that people with anorexia secrete abnormal amounts of various hormones. But, many researchers believe these imbalances are the results of emotional stress and severe d ieting, not the case of them. In our culture, â€Å"thin is in† and dieting is â€Å"normal† behavior. The pressure to be â€Å"the best† may also be a factor in the disorder’s development. (PennSAHIC) People who intentionally starve themselves suffer from an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. The disorder, which usually begins in young people around the time of puberty, involves extreme weight loss—at least 15 percent below the individual’s normal body weight. Many people with the disorder look emaciated but are convinced they are overweight. Sometimes they must be hospitalized to prevent starvation. An example of this will be illustrated in the following story: Deborah developed anorexia nervosa when she is 16. A rather shy, studious teenager, she tried hard to please everyone. She had an attractive appearance, but was slightly overweight. Like many teenager girls, she was interested in boys but concerned that she wasn’t prett y enough to get their attention. When her father jokingly remarked that she would never get a date if she didn’t take off same weight, she took him seriously and began to diet relentlessly- never believing she was thin even when she became extremely underweight. Soon after the pounds started dropping off, Deborah’s menstrualShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Anorexia And Anorexia Nervosa1148 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia is a severe eating disorder which is generally characterized by severe weight loss and life threatening dieting these then results in malnourishment (Anorexia Nervosa , 2015). Bulimia and Anorexia are known to be the two most largely known eating disorders that are very serious and affect many teenagers. 95% of people suffering with anorexia are known to be girls however there’s an average 5% of males that suffer from this mental illness. Anorexia is when the brain goes into over drive toRead MoreAnorexia Nervos Symptoms, And Treatment Of Anorexia 1076 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Nervosa. University of Maryland Medical Center, U of Maryland Medical Center, 23 Apr. 2015. Accessed 20 Apr. 2017. The article, Anorexia Nervosa, examines the background information, symptoms, and treatment of anorexia. Anorexia is defined as a disease in which a person starves themselves and exercises excessively in order to lose weight. In addition, as the person continues to lose weight, they have a distorted body image and perceives themselves as fat. In other words, the personRead MoreEssay on Anorexia1228 Words   |  5 Pages quot;Anorexia Nervosaquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bizarre, devastating, and baffling are three words that describe the anorexia nervosa disease. By definition, anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continue to starve themselves. The term quot;anorexia nervosaquot; literally means nervous lose of appetite. People with the disorder are suppressing a strong desire to eat, because they areRead MoreAnorexia in Teens1178 Words   |  5 Pagesattractive would start to starve them self to become that skinny or what is known in the psychology world as anorexia. Anorexia is a big deal in the United States, a lot of young people are starting to starve them self just to become skinny. This isn’t only because they want to look like that model, or just want to skinny. Anorexia can come from other places in a person’s life. Anorexia came to be from seeing a few of my friends not eat, just because they wanted to be skinny, also I found a newRead More Anorexia Essay658 Words   |  3 Pages The Causes and Effects of Anorexia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I think of anorexia, a few things come to mind. I think of really bad episodes of Beverly Hills 90210 and Baywatch in which females, ususally teenagers, starve themselves and take diet pills. The eating problem is always resolved within the timespan of one 30 minute episode. From the research Ive done thus far on anorexia, I now know that this is a very unrealistic representation of what is actually a very serious disease.Read MoreEssay on Anorexia785 Words   |  4 Pages Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious about the way you looked? These are questions that we may ask ourselves everyday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexic’s conscience and ruin the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental illness because it has many life- threatening effects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Anorexia is not a choice to be madeRead More Anorexia Essay3393 Words   |  14 PagesAnorexia The World Book Encyclopedia defines anorexia as, one who avoids food for psychological reasons. Most experts believe that those who suffer from anorexia are starving themselves to avoid growing into adults. It is also common knowledge among these experts that anorexics want to gain attention and a sense of being special. People say that anorexia doesnt stop at affecting the victim at hand; instead, it surpasses the anorexic. Which means that anorexia affects the personalityRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa1947 Words   |  8 Pagessome people who do. If we were to look the world as a whole, we would realize that from every 100 teenage girls, 1 to 5 suffers from Anorexia(EDV). As defined by the National Eating Disorders Association, â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.† (NEDA). The term â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† literally means â€Å"neurotic loss of appetite†, and could be more generally defined as the result of a prolonged self-starvationRead MoreAnorexia And Anorexia Are Often Confused Amongst Humans1956 Words   |  8 PagesBulimia and Anorexia are often confused amongst humans. Bulimic people may have many reasoning’s that support their causes for binging, and anorexic people also have reasoning’s that illustrate their causations of being anorexic. Appearance and self-esteem may play a major role towards people who may binge often, and people who are anorexic may just have a fear to eat based on their body figures. However, many confuse the two due to the similar meanings of body weight. This paper will analyze obs ervationsRead MoreAnorexia Nervos A Psychological And Physical Causes And Consequences Of Anorexia930 Words   |  4 Pagespeople with anorexia are related to at least one person with the disorder. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with mainly adolescent victims. Different studies have been able to identify some of the psychological and physical causes and consequences of anorexia. Many people dismiss anorexia nervosa as a short-lived adolescent disorder, but most do not realize the disease’s long-lasting implications on health and how crucial it is to seek treatment. The UMMC (2016) defines anorexia nervosa as

Finance For Business Investment Or Initial Outflow Free Sample

Question: Define about the Finance for Business for Investment or Initial Outflow. Answer: Part A Pay Back Period Payback period is used to analyze that how much time is required to recover the initial cost of investment or initial outflow. If payback period is shorter, the project is more desirable (Chandra, 2015). Whether in discounted payback period, the concept of time value of money is applicable. Pay Back period = Initial Investment / Cash flow of per period If cash flow of every year is same, then above formula will apply. For example, asset purchase costing $100000 and cash flow every year is $25000, then pay back period will be 4 years ($100000 / $25000). And if cash flow is different in every year, then discounted payback period calculated. In the given project required rate of return is 12% and cash flow is different every year, so discounted payback period will be calculated. Calculation of depreciation: Depreciation = (cost - salvage value) / life of asset = (34500000 - 5500000) / 5 = 5800000 Expenditures for adding new features and expenditures for market study both considered as initial cash outflow. Payback period of the project is 2.79 years means cost of assets can be recovered in 2.79 years. It is beneficial for the Emu electronics to investment in manufacturing equipments. Profitability Index (PI) Profitability index used to identify the relations between cost and benefits by calculated ratio. It is used for ranking projects. While calculating profitability index, time value of money is also applicable. It is a tool of finance to taking decision, whether the project will be accepted or not (Damodaran, 2010). The project will be accepted if profitability index will more than 1 (1) and the project will be rejected if profitability index falls below 1 (1). And if, profitability index is equal to 1 (=1), then it will be situation of indifferent means projected will be accepted or rejected. Profitability Index = Present Value of Inflow / Present Value of Outflow = 52205510.12 / 35,450,000 = 1.47 As per above calculation profitability index is more than 1, so the project is acceptable. Emu electronics should have accepted the project. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) It is the rate of return which is used to calculate profitability of investment. IRR is the rate of interest. The net present value should be equals to zero of all cash flows at internal rate of return (Gallagher Andrew, 2007). Calculation of Internal Rate of Return by Trial Error method: IRR = 30 + (35570884.83 - $35,450,000) / (35570884.83 - 34908659.88) = 30.18254345 Internal Rate of Return of the project is 30.18% on which net present value will be zero. Net Present Value (NPV) It refers to divergence between present value of cash inflows and present value of cash outflows. The criteria of acceptance the project is net present value (NPV) will be positive and the criteria of rejection of project is net present value (NPV) will be negative. And if, net present value (NPV) is zero, it will be condition of indifference. Formula: Net Present Value = Present Value of cash Inflows Present Value of cash Outflows Calculation of Net Present Value: While calculating present value of inflows, present value of residual value/salvage (i.e. 5500000) also included (Needles, Powers Crosson, 2010). Here, net present value of project is $16,755,510 which is positive so, project will be accepted. Sensitivity of NPV to changes in the price of the new smart phone Changes in cash flow directly impacts to NPV and cash flow changes if there is variation in price of product. Net present value changes with change in the price of the product. If price of the smart phones will be increases then net present value will increases and remains positive. And if, price of the smart phones will be decreases then net present value will decreases or falls negative. So, it can be said that net present value is highly sensitive with changes in the price of the new smart phone (Moyer, McGuigan Rao, 2014). Sensitivity of NPV to changes in the quantity sold If selling quantity of any product changes, it directly impacts to net present value. If selling quantity of smart phones will be increases, net present value will increases. And if, selling quantity of smart phones will be decreases, net present value decreases. So it can be said that sensitivity of net present value (NPV) is depends on change in number of units sold or quantity sold. Net present value is more sensitive with changes in the quantity sold (Gill, 2015). Emu Electronics should produce the new smart phone Emu Electronics should have to produce the new smart phone because it is profitable as per calculations made under net present value, payback period and profitability index. The payback period of Emu Electronics is 2.79 years. If Emu Electronics invested in manufacturing equipments of new smart phone then they can recover their investment cost in the period of 2.79 years. Profitability index of Emu Electronics is 1.47 which is more than 1, so new project is suitable for them. Net present value of Emu Electronics is positive, so new project is acceptable. If Emu Electronics loses sales on other models because of the introduction of the new model If Emu Electronics introduce new model of smart phone, it will be carried more specifications. So customers will prefer to buy it. Hence, automatically sales of other models will be decreased. It impacts the profitability and net present value of company. As per market general scenario, if any new product launched in market then it will be successful or not depends on its specifications or customers need. If such product is more useful or have special characteristics then customers will prefer to buy it because they got more satisfaction. If there is no specifications in new product then customers will not buy it. Introduction of new product always effects to the sale of other products. Same with Emu Electronics, they got loss of sales on other models because of introduction of the new model. It happens because customers divert to purchase new model and sales decreases of other models. Due to change in sale, cash flow of company changes and it effects directly to net present value, profitability index and payback period. So it affects on complete analysis of company. Part B Cost of capital for Hubbard computer ltd 1) From the ASX website annual report of Harvey Norman of 2015 downloaded. The annual report of any company shows the complete outlay of that company. As per balance sheet or statement of financial position as at 30 June 2015, on page number 59 book value of debt and book value of equity found. Book value of debt included notes payable, current portion of long term debt and long term debt. As per annual report of Harvey Norman, the book value of debt is $698,438,000 as at 30 June 2015 is: Current portion of Interest bearing loans and borrowings $408,438,000 Non-current portion of Interest bearing loans and borrowings $290,000,000 Book Value of Debt $698,438,000 Book value of equity includes share capital or contributed equity, reserves surplus and retained profits. As per annual report of Harvey Norman, the book value of equity is $2,556,860 as at 30 June 2015 is: Contributed equity $380,328 Reserves $113,290 Retained profits $ 2,043,463 Non-controlling interest $19,779 Book Value of Equity $2,556,860 (Source: Annual report of Harvey Norman, 2015) As per title Interest Rate Risk Management in annual report of Harvey Norman at page number 120, breakdown of Harvey Normans long-term debt is as follows: (Source: Annual report of Harvey Norman, 2015) Average interest rate (floating) of long-term debt is 0.47% to 5.93% provided in annual report of Harvey Norman. There is no other categorization of debts as per group of years. 2) Most recent stock price listed for Harvey Norman 5.18 Market value of equity, or market capitalization 5.76B Outstanding shares of Harvey Norman 2,066,523 Most recent annual dividend (pay date 01 Dec 2015) 11 cent As per annual report dividend per share 20.0 cent As per annual report special dividend per share 14.0 cent Dividend discount model can use in this case as all relevant information are available. Beta for Harvey Norman 0.70 Note: All the amounts given above are in Australian Dollar (AUD). (Source: aufinance.yahoo.com, 2016) Yield on government debt is 1.86% as per Bonds link at aufinance.yahoo.com. Cost of equity for Harvey Norman by Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Premium expected for risk Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Beta * (market rate of return risk free rate of return) = 1.86% + 0.70 * (3% - 1.86%) = 0.02658 = 2.658% Here, government bonds yield value taken as risk free rate of return. Cost of equity is interest rate of equity capital (Pratt Grabowski, 2010). Under capital asset pricing model, risk factor of capital invested is considered. Risk free rate of return is a rate of government bonds, which are free from market risk. Value of beta is taken from Harvey Normans site. And market rate of return is calculated, it is shown in appendix. 3) Business loan rate is 5.34% p.a. as per provided site of Westpac. Weighted average cost of debt for Harvey Norman By book value weights: Weighted average cost of debt = total of weighted rate / total of weight = 3.738 / 1 = 3.738% Here one type of debt (i.e. interest bearing loans and borrowings) available as per annual report of Harvey Norman. Cost of debt is 3.73% for both, current and non- current interest bearing loans and borrowings. So there is no dissimilarity between cost of debt and weighted average cost of debt. It can be understand by above calculation of weighted average cost of capital. Weighted average cost of debt cannot be determined by market value basis because loans and borrowings do not have market value. The market value and book value are same in case of loans and borrowings. So, cost of debt by market value weights will be same as cost of debt by book value. Cost of debt = borrowing rate * (1-tax rate) = 5.34 * (1-.30) = 5.34 * .70 = 3.738 % Cost of debt is a rate of interest, by which rate, company paid interest to money lenders. The cost of debt of Harvey Norman is 3.738%. Company will pay interest on loans and borrowings at 3.738%. Cost of debt calculated by making interest rate after tax because company got tax benefit on debts. (Source: Westpac.com, 2016) 4) Weighted average cost of capital of Harvey Norman: In weighted average cost of capital, weight provides to amount. Then multiply cost and weight to find weighted cost / rate. Under weighted average cost of capital, equity share capital, preference share capital, debentures and long term loans are included. While calculating weighted average cost of capital by book value weights, book value take given under financial statement. By book value weights Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) = total of weighted rate / total of weight * 100 = (0.0373 / 1) *100 = 3.73% By market value weights Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) = total of weighted rate / total of weight * 100 = (0.0278 / 1) *100 = 2.78% Market value of equity is taken 5.76B as per point 2. Relevancy of weighted average cost of capital liable with market value weights. Lower the cost of capital, it will be less risky for company. So 2.78% is less, hence it is more relevant for Harvey Norman. 5) Harvey Norman is a representative company of HCL to estimate the cost of capital. If both companies have same nature of work and same debt equity structure, then there will no problem in calculating cost of capital. But if, debt equity structure and nature of work is different then it will be potential problem with this approach. In that situation, cost of capital will be different and Harvey Norman will not be considered as representative company of HCL to estimate the cost of capital. Refrences Chandra, P. 2015. Financial Management: Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill Education Needles, B. E., Powers, M. Crosson, S. V. 2010. Principles of Accounting. (Ed. 11). Cengage Learning Damodaran, A. 2010. Applied Corporate Finance. (Ed. 3). John Wiley Sons Gallagher, T. J. Andrew, J. D. 2007. Financial Management; Principles and Practice. (Ed. 4). Freeload Press, Inc. Moyer, R. C., McGuigan, J. R. Rao, R. P. 2014. Contemporary Financial Management. (e.d. 13): Cengage Learning Gill, S. 2015. Cost and Management Accounting: Fundamentals and its Applications. (e.d. 1): Vikas Publishing House Australia Government Bond 10Y. 2016. https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/government-bond-yield Intelligent Investor. Dividends. https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/company/harvey-norman-11766/dividends Pratt, S. P. Grabowski, R. J. 2010. Cost of Capital in Litigation: Applications and Examples. (e.d. 4). Volume (647 of Wiley Finance): John Wiley Sons Westpac. 2016. Business loans interest rates. Retrieved on 19 Aug 2016 from: https://www.westpac.com.au/business-banking/business-loans/business-loans-interest-rate/